Tax Brackets & Rates

Each year, the IRS adjusts various tax code parameters for inflation. This prevents “bracket creep,” where taxpayers are moved into higher income brackets or experience decreased value from credits and deductions due to inflation rather than actual income increases.

For tax year 2025, several key adjustments and provisions are notable. Here’s a brief overview of the changes and other relevant information that will impact how your taxable income is calculated for this year.

The tax year 2025 adjustments outlined below generally apply to income tax returns filed in the tax season of 2026.

  • Standard Deductions have increased for all filing statuses, with notable rises for Single, Married Filing Jointly, and Head of Household categories.
  • Marginal Tax Rates have varied income thresholds for each bracket, though rates themselves have remained consistent, with the top rate at 37%.
  • Alternative Minimum Tax Exemptions have increased, with higher income phase-out thresholds.
  • Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) offer higher maximum credit values, particularly for those with three or more children.
  • Qualified Transportation Fringe Benefits and Health Flexible Spending Accounts see increased contribution limits.
  • Medical Savings Accounts have updated limits for deductibles and out-of-pocket expenses for both self-only and family coverage.
  • Foreign Earned Income Exclusion and Estate and Gift Tax exclusions have been increased.
  • Adoption Credit has seen an increase in the maximum allowable credit for adopting a child with special needs.

Some items remain unchanged, such as personal exemptions, limitations on itemized deductions, and thresholds for phasing out the Lifetime Learning Credit.

These inflation-related adjustments and provisions will guide taxpayers’ reporting and planning strategies for the upcoming tax year.

Deductions are somewhat more complicated. Many taxpayers claim the standard deduction, which varies depending on filing status, as shown in the table below.

 

Some taxpayers, however, may choose to itemize their deductions. This means subtracting certain eligible expenses and expenditures. Possible deductions include those for student loan interest payments, contributions to an IRA, moving expenses and health-insurance contributions for self-employed persons. The most common itemized deductions also include:

  • Deduction for state and local taxes paid. Also known as the SALT deduction, it allows taxpayers to deduct up to $10,000 of any state and local property taxes plus either their state and local income taxes or sales taxes.
  • Deduction for mortgage interest paid. Interest paid on the mortgages for up to two homes, and a total of $1,000,000 in debt can be subtracted. Homes purchased after Dec. 15, 2017 will have this lowered to the first $750,000 of the mortgage.
  • Deduction for charitable contributions.
  • Deduction for medical expenses that exceed 7.5% of AGI. (Note that the income threshold was 10% until the new tax plan changed it to 7.5%.)

Keep in mind that most taxpayers don’t itemize their deductions. If the standard deduction is larger than the sum of your itemized deductions (as it is for many taxpayers), you receive the standard deduction.

Once you have subtracted deductions from your adjusted gross income, you have your taxable income. If your taxable income is zero, that means you do not owe any income tax.

Future year Brackets & Rates

Previous years Standard Deductions

2023 Standard Deduction

  Filing Status Deduction Amount
Single $13,850
Head of Household (HOH) $20,800
Married Filing Jointly (MFJ) $27,700
Married Filing Separately (MFS) $13,850

2022 Standard Deduction

  Filing Status Deduction Amount
Single $12,950
Head of Household (HOH) $19,400
Married Filing Jointly (MFJ) $25,900
Married Filing Separately (MFS) $12,950

Previous years Brackets & Rates

2023 Tax Brackets and Rates

  Rates  Single (Unmarried) Married Filed Jointly (MFJ) OR
Qualifying Widow
Married Filed Separately (MFS) Head of Households (HOH)
10% Up to $11,000 $0 – $22,000 $0 – $11,000 $0 – $15,700
12% $11,001 – $44,725 $22,001 – $89,450 $11,001 – $44,725 $15,701 – $59,850
22% $44,726 – $95,375 $89,451 – $190,750 $44,726 – $95,375 $59,851 – $95,350
24% $95,376 – $182,100 $190,751 – $364,200 $95,376 to $182,100 $95,351 – $182,100
32% $182,101 – $231,250 $364,201 – $462,500 $182,101 – $231,250 $182,101 – $231,250
35% $231,251 – $578,125 $462,501 – $693,750 $231,251 – $34,6875 $231,251 – $578,100
37% $578,125 or more $693,750 or more $346,875 or more $578,100 or more

2022 Tax Brackets and Rates

  Rates  Single (Unmarried) Married Filed Jointly (MFJ) OR
Qualifying Widow
Married Filed Separately (MFS) Head of Households (HOH)
10% Up to $10,275 $0 – $20,550 $0 – $10,275 $0 – $14,650
12% $10,276 – $41,775 $20,551 – $83,550 $10,276 – $41,775 $14,651 – $55,900
22% $41,776 – $89,075 $83,551 – $178,150 $41,776 – $89,075 $55,901 – $89,050
24% $89,076 – $170,050 $178,151 – $340,100 $89,076 to $170,050 $89,051 – $170,050
32% $170,051 – $215,950 $340,100 – $431,900 $170,051 – $215,950 $170,051 – $215,950
35% $215,951 – $539,900 $430,901 – $647,850 $215,951 – $323,925 $215,951 – $539,900
37% $539,901 or more $647,851 or more $323,926 or more $539,901 or more

2021 Tax Brackets and Rates

Rates  Single (Unmarried) Married Filed Jointly (MFJ) OR
Qualifying Widow
Married Filed Separately (MFS) Head of Households (HOH)
10% Up to $9,950 Up to $19,900 $0 to $9,875 Up to $14,200
12% $9,951 to $40,525 $19,901 to $81,050 $9,876 to $40,125 $14,201 to $54,200
22% $40,526 to $86,375 $81,051 to $172,750 $40,126 to $85,525 $54,201 to $86,350
24% $86,376 to $164,925 $172,751 to $329,850 $85,526 to $163,300 $86,351 to $164,900
32% $164,926 to $209,425 $329,851 to $418,850 $163,301 to $207,350 $164,901 to $209,400
35% $209,426 to $523,600 $418,851 to $628,300 $207,351 to $311,025 $209,401 to $523,600
37% Over $523,600 Over $628,300 Over $311,026 Over $523,600
  Rates  Single (Unmarried) Married Filed Jointly (MFJ) OR
Qualifying Widow
Married Filed Separately (MFS) Head of Households (HOH)
10% Up to $9,950 Up to $19,900 $0 to $9,875 Up to $14,200
12% $9,951 to $40,525 $19,901 to $81,050 $9,876 to $40,125 $14,201 to $54,200
22% $40,526 to $86,375 $81,051 to $172,750 $40,126 to $85,525 $54,201 to $86,350
24% $86,376 to $164,925 $172,751 to $329,850 $85,526 to $163,300 $86,351 to $164,900
32% $164,926 to $209,425 $329,851 to $418,850 $163,301 to $207,350 $164,901 to $209,400
35% $209,426 to $523,600 $418,851 to $628,300 $207,351 to $311,025 $209,401 to $523,600
37% Over $523,600 Over $628,300 Over $311,026 Over $523,600
  Rates  Single (Unmarried) Married Filed Jointly (MFJ) OR
Qualifying Widow
Married Filed Separately (MFS) Head of Households (HOH)
10% Up to $9,950 Up to $19,900 $0 to $9,875 Up to $14,200
12% $9,951 to $40,525 $19,901 to $81,050 $9,876 to $40,125 $14,201 to $54,200
22% $40,526 to $86,375 $81,051 to $172,750 $40,126 to $85,525 $54,201 to $86,350
24% $86,376 to $164,925 $172,751 to $329,850 $85,526 to $163,300 $86,351 to $164,900
32% $164,926 to $209,425 $329,851 to $418,850 $163,301 to $207,350 $164,901 to $209,400
35% $209,426 to $523,600 $418,851 to $628,300 $207,351 to $311,025 $209,401 to $523,600
37% Over $523,600 Over $628,300 Over $311,026 Over $523,600